Information on About the Deep Space Network: Space Communications and Navigation

Johns Hopkins University (JHU) continues to pad its space community résumé with their interactive map, “The map of the observable Universe”,
 that takes viewers on a 13.7-billion-year-old tour of the cosmos from the present to the moments after the Big Bang.
 While JHU is responsible for creating the site, additional contributions were made by NASA, the European Space Agency,
 the National Science Foundation, and the Sloan Foundation.

Artist’s concept of a bimodal nuclear rocket making the journey to the Moon, Mars,
 and other destinations in the Solar System.
 Credit: NASA

Information on Our Solar System A 3D adventure through our cosmic neighborhood with NASA

In this video, we're going to learn how the solar system moves explained in easy words. We'll start with the sun and work our way
 around the planets. By the end, you'll have a good understanding of how the solar system moves!

If you're interested in learning more about how the solar system moves, then this video is for you! By the end of this short video,
 you'll have a good understanding of how the solar system moves and how it works. If you're looking to learn something new,
 then this video is a great way to start!

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Space has always captured humanity's collective imagination. Among the pantheon of celestial bodies that have fascinated us, 
Jupiter stands out as the largest planet in our solar system, its vibrant stripes and prominent 'Great Red Spot' making it easily recognizable. 
#jupiter #universe #space

If there is life out there, where can we find it? At one time, the rest of the solar system
 was assumed to be a bleak wasteland. The rocky planets in the neighbourhood were either 
 too cold and dry, like Mars, or too hot, like Venus. Other planets were gas giants, 
 making the possibility of life on them or their moons extremely remote. 
 It appeared like Earth was a wonder within a miracle.
#universe #cosmos #planet

Is life on Europa?
Did Mars have life? Does Mars currently have life on it?

NASA Chief Scientist Dr. Jim Green joins John Michael Godier to discuss NASA's plans for Mars 2020,
 the possibility of past and current life on Mars. As well as the fact that the solar system 
 may be full of life as much of the moon's and Kuiper belt objects have large amounts of water on them.
 Does Europa have complex life? It has an ocean of water underneath it's surface more than the combined
 amount of water on Earth. The Europa Clipper mission will do its best to answer that.
 Also, how is NASA now searching for potential technosignatures?

Dr. Green's podcast Gravity Assist: 


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Geronimo Villanueva, a NASA planetary scientist, created these sunset simulations while building a computer modeling 
tool for a possible future mission to Uranus, an icy-cold planet in the outer solar system. To check the accuracy 
of his tool, Villanueva simulated known sky colors of various planets and moons, some of which are shown in this video.
The simulations show these worlds turning away from the light of the Sun, which is what’s happening when we see a sunset.
 As these worlds rotate, photons get scattered in different directions depending on the energy of the photons
 and the types of molecules in the atmospheres. The result is a lovely palette of colors that
 would be visible to those standing on these worlds.

For more information on the sunset simulations, go here:

Video credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
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Want to visit the moon?
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Work on you tan on Mercury?
Chill out on Titan?

To do this, you'll need to get there, and for that, you'll need to understand Delta V. 

This video explains delta V and the rocket equation and how hard it is to get from here to there.

NASA's Solar System Page

Radio signals converted to sounds from the solar system!!!

The Solar System. Image Credit: NASA

Get ready for an intergalactic (ok, maybe intragalactic) adventure! Pop Chart Lab
 has distilled more than half a century of space travel into a beautiful print. 
 The Chart of Cosmic Exploration features hand-illustrated renderings of every orbiter,
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 in a Pop Chart Lab Test Tube - 100 lb. archival stock certified by The Forest Stewardship Council -
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 a book editor and a graphic designer joined forces with one modest goal: to render all
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 for their infographical treatments of the varieties of beer, the full array of culinary tools,
 a taxonomy of hip-hop, and dozens more mappings of cultural touchstones. Now, with a small team
 of researchers, designers, and soldiers, Pop Chart Lab continues to assemble, sift, cull,
 and arrange massive amounts of cultural data into meaningful works of art and information.

What are the weirdest worlds in our solar system, and how did they come to be?

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 to the spectacular rings of Saturn, discover how the effects of gravity produce the amazing variety 
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00:00 Introduction
04:29 The Forces at Play in the Solar System
13:51 Jupiter’s Ocean Moon
27:08 Miranda: A Moon of Uranus
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What is gravity, centrifugal force, Haumea, Juno spacecraft, Ganymede, Voyager II, Cassini Spacecraft, Pan moon

The Solar System In HD

Click Here The Solar System Digest!

This animation shows the path of A/2017 U1, which is an asteroid — or perhaps a comet — 
as it passed through our inner solar system in September and October 2017. From analysis of its motion, 
scientists calculate that it probably originated from outside our Solar System. 
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.
Thus a nightly search for near-Earth objects may have uncovered an object whose origins lie much further away.
 A/2017 U1 is about 400 meters in diameter and on a highly unusual trajectory,
 one that fits neither an asteroid or comet from our own Solar System. Davide Farnocchia (JPL)
 is a scientist at NASA’s Center for Near-Earth Object Studies (CNEOS):

You probably that planets go around the sun in elliptical orbits. But do you know why? 

In fact, they’re moving in circles in 4 dimensions. But when these circles are projected down to 3-dimenisons
…

The Planetary Science Institute

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Solar System Infographics

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Uploaded on Feb 10, 2010
NASA Space Sounds - Information about the recordings and sample sounds of the planets,

moons and rings of planets in our Solar System.

 [Note: both Song of Earth and Voice of Earth are man made compositions of the original Earth recordings.] 

 , see:"For live 24hr sound from space
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Information on Radio Astronomy net

NASA's Solar System Page

Animated diagram showing the spacing of the Solar Systems planet’s, the unusually closely spaced orbits 
of six of the most distant KBOs, and the possible “Planet 9”.
 Credit: Caltech/nagualdesign

LSST: Constructing a New Era in Astronomy

 The Lsst main page

Published on May 2, 2017
Fly over the summit of Cerro Pachón in Chile with us and see how quickly LSST is becoming a reality!
 This video documents the progress of construction so far, dramatically capturing the scale and complexity of the ongoing project.
A multimedia team was contracted to document the project via drone film footage, time-lapse sequences, 
panorama images, and full dome clips. This LSST blog post describes the details of the film crew's March 2017
  visit to the construction site:

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 #Explorers #WorldSpaceWeek
Is our solar system shaped like a croissant? Is there really alien life on Venus? Discover the extraordinary explorers 
that are journeying through our cosmos on a quest to uncover the unknown...

 Best of Earth Lab:
 
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00:00:00 Incredible Discoveries Of The James Webb Space Telescope
00:09:22 Pluto's Dark Side Revealed
00:17:07 Sending A Probe Around The Sun
00:26:39 The Mysterious World Of Jupiter
00:34:00 Flying A Drone On Saturn's Moon Titan
00:40:50 Is Our Solar System Shaped Like A Croissant?
00:51:01 Searching For Life On Jupiter's Moon, Europa
00:58:16 Jupiter's Moon Io Shoots Lava 300 Miles Into Space
01:05:12 Icy Moon Enceladus Rains Water On Saturn
01:13:19 Is There Alien Life On Venus?
01:20:07 Finding A Liquid Ocean In Space
01:27:08 Exploring Gigantic Lake Beds On Mars
01:34:48 How Hubble Nearly Destroyed NASA's Reputation
01:45:00 Artemis Mission: The Next Giant Leap For Mankind
01:53:24 How (NOT) To Land A Spacecraft On A Comet

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Navigating the Solar System

NASA IS PLANNING TO TEST PULSARS AS COSMIC NAVIGATION BEACONS

SEXTANT will demonstrate a GPS-like absolute position determination capability by observing millisecond pulsars. 
Credit: NASA

This image shows the configuration of NICER’s 56 X-ray mirrors that will gather scientific
 observations and play an instrumental role in demonstration X-ray navigation.
Credits: NASA

The NICER payload, shown here on the outside of the International Space Station. 
Credit: NASA

Unlocking Secrets of Neutron Stars with NICER

Published on May 26, 2017
Though we know neutron stars are small and extremely dense, there are still many aspects of these remnants 
of explosive deaths of other stars that we have yet tounderstand. NICER, a facility to be mounted on the outside
 of the International Space Station, seeks to find the answers to some of the questions still being asked about neutron stars. 
 By capturing the arrival time and energy of the x-ray photons produced by pulsars emitted by neutron stars,
 NICER seeks answer decades-old questions about extreme forms of matter and energy. Data from NICER will also be used in Sextant,
 an on-board demonstration of pulsar-based navigation.



For more information: 

 Research Overview on nasa.gov

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The IAU has revamped their solar system coordinate system.
Now, if you are not planning on a driving vacation on Mercury, this might be a dry bit of information

Engineers are considering X-ray navigation - similar to GPS in space -
 for future CubeSat missions to the Moon and human exploration spacecraft. 
Why X-ray? Find out here:

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The Terrestrial Planets

MY Mission to MERCURY Page

MY Mission to VENUS Page

MY Mission to EARTH Page

MY Mission to Moon Page

MY Mission to Mars Page

The Terrestrial Planets from Wikipedia.org

Facts on Mercury from Space-facts.com

Facts on Venus from Space-facts.com

Facts on Earth from Space-facts.com

Facts on Earth's Moon from Space-facts.com

The earth Venus orbital symmetery

as seen in the solar system (by no ridiculous coincidence), Earth orbits the Sun 8 times in the same period that Venus orbits the Sun 13 times! 

Drawing a line between Earth & Venus every week results in a spectacular FIVE side symmetry!! 

Lets bring up those Fibonacci numbers again: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34.. So if we imagine planets with Fibonacci orbits, do they

 create Fibonacci symmetries?! You bet!! 

Size comparison between Earth and Mars. Credit: NASA

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MARS’ GROWTH STUNTED BY AN EARLY GIANT PLANET INSTABILITY(PDF)

This video of the Nice Model shows how the orbits of the outer gaseous planets of our solar system 
might have evolved. It also explains why and how the late heavy  bombardement might have taken place. 
Note that in the first model shown in the film, Neptune's orbit is smaller than Uranus's orbit to begin with.
 The film is slowed down in places to make the changes more obvious for the viewer.  
Credit: Hal Levison, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado
Customized for Sky and Telescope by Shweta Krishnan

 Here is a video of a successful simulation from Clement et al. (2018)(PDF)
The x axis shows the semi-major axis of the planets (distance from the sun). The y axis shows 
the orbital eccentricity (the degree to which the orbit is elliptical or non-circular).
 The size of each dot is proportional to the mass of the object in the simulation,
 and the color is related to the amount of water and volatiles the object contains. 
 The 5 black dots represent the giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune 
 and an additional primordial Ice Giant which is ejected. The terrestrial planets 
 form from a disk of 1100 initial objects. The objects exterior to the giant planets 
 are the primordial Kuiper Belt bodies. When the instability ensues, the extra ice giant is ejected, 
 and the outer section of the terrestrial disk is greatly depleted. This limits the mass of the Asteroid Belt,
 and prevents a planet from forming in the belt. Furthermore, Mars stops accreting other large embryos 
 after the instability, however Earth and Venus continue to grow. This is consistent with the geological ages 
 of Earth and Mars inferred from isotopic dating (Mars is thought to have finished forming within 
 1-10 million years, which Earth is believed to have taken around 100 million years to fully form).
For more info please visit my website!

A new study led by researchers from OU indicates that the outer planets 
could be why Mars is significantly smaller than Earth.
Credit: NASA

Some worlds In our Solar system WITH PRESUMED UNDERGROUND OCEANS

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A montage of some of the "ocean worlds" in our Solar System. From top to bottom,
 left to right, these include Europa, Enceladus, TItan and Ceres.
 Credit: NASA/JPL

Is extraterrestrial life suppressed on subsurface ocean worlds due to the paucity of bioessential elements? (PDF)

Artist’s depiction of a watery exoplanet orbiting a distant red dwarf star.
 Credit: CfA

Artist rendering showing an interior cross-section of the crust of Enceladus,
 which shows how hydrothermal activity may be causing the plumes of water at the moon’s surface. 
 Credits: NASA-GSFC/SVS, NASA/JPL-Caltech/Southwest Research Institute

Artist’s rendering of possible hydrothermal activity that may be taking place 
on and under the seafloor of Enceladus.
 Credit: NASA/JPL

Artist’s concept of a Europa Clipper mission. 
Credit: NASA/JPL

Liquid water was originally thought to be relatively rare in the solar system. 
 But one of the most important discoveries of the last several decades of planetary science 
 is that liquid water is extremely common, even outside of the orbit of a star that would
 allow for it on the surface of a planet or moon.  It just happens to be covered by a sheet of ice.
 Scientists at the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) have now theorized about
 what the abundance of liquid water means for life throughout the galaxy, 
 and whether it might be more common than originally thought.  

IWOWs are even prevalent in our own backyard. This cutaway image of Pluto shows a section
 through the area of Sputnik Planitia, with dark blue representing a subsurface ocean 
 and light blue for the frozen crust.
Artwork by Pam Engebretson, courtesy of UC Santa Cruz.

We’re now learning that icy worlds seem to be the best places in Solar System where
 life could be hiding. Worlds like Europa and Enceladus, which have vast oceans
 of liquid water beneath a shell of water ice. 
And just in the last year, astrobiologists announced that hardy forms of Earth life 
should be able to thrive in these oceans, feeding off hydrogen gas emanating from deep sea vents.
Clearly we need to explore these worlds, to go deep down beneath the ice to explore the ocean depths.
 But how do you drill through kilometers of ice to reach it?
 
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References:


NASA REPORT ON EXPLORING EUROPA UNDER ICE (PDF)


Exploration under ice europa
Applied Physics Lab Under water diver project
Gladius Submersible Underwater Drone
The most affordable, easy to use underwater photography drone w 4k camera, 100m depth & 500m range.
The Leonard lab Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineeri
 uploaded by Muhammad Yasar Javaid

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The Solar System's Dwarf Planets

My Mission To Pluto subpage our most complex Dwarf planet system

<21>Chariklo, the largest known centaur object, orbiting in a region between Saturn and Uranus

SETI Institute
The Lords of the Rings among centaurs

Chariklo, the largest known centaur object, orbiting in a region between Saturn and Uranus,

is a very intriguing celestial body that surprised astronomers last year. 

This remote minor planet has unveiled the existence of its rings during a stellar occultation, 

when it passed in front of a star UCAC4 248-108672.

The discovery was surprising because it had been thought that rings could only be stable around much more massive bodies.

Having in mind Chariklo's relative small mass, the rings should disperse over a period of at most a few million years, 

so the scientists conclude that either they are very young, or they are actively contained by shepherd moons with a

mass comparable to that of the rings.
Image credit: ESO/L. Calçada/Nick Risinger
 "Read more

Artist’s impression of rings around the Centaur Chariklo, the first asteroid where rings were discovered.

  Credit: ESO/L. Calçada/M. Kornmesser/Nick Risinger

Artist’s impression of Chiron, showing a possible ring system.  Credit:

Due to their dual nature, the name Centaur has stuck when referring to objects that act as both comets and asteroids.

  Credit:   Further Reading:

List of possible dwarf planets

The Kupier Belt

Click here for the continuation of our soloar System The Trans Neptunian Objects

Planet 9 in the Kupier Belt??

Thank you NASA!!!!!

Nasa's Kuiper Belt page 

NASA's Page on Things to know about the Kuiper Belt

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Speculation

Colonizing the Kuiper Belt

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the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual subscription.
We often discuss our future in the Asteroid Belt, and the glorious civilizations we might
 one day build there. However, it is but a pale shadow of its larger twin, the Kuiper Belt,
 out at the edge of the solar system.
 
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Credits:
Outward Bound: Colonizing the Kuiper Belt
Episode 397, June 1, 2023
Produced, Written & Narrated by:
Isaac Arthur

Editors:
David McFarlane

Graphics by: 
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Jeremy Jozwik
Ken York
Kristijan Tavcar
Sergio Botero

Music Courtesy of:
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Markus Junnikkala, "Hail The Victorious Dead", "A Memory of Earth"
Stellardrone, "Red Giant", "Ultra Deep Field"
Sergey Cheremisinov, "Labyrinth", "Forgotten Stars"
Taras Harkavyi, "Alpha and..."

Can We Colonize the Kuiper Belt? and the rest of the solar system

Our Merch Is Finally Available! 👉   

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The trend now is to colonize Mars… But let’s go further than that, I’m getting bored of Mars Colonies.
 Imagine going far far beyond that. Imagine growing past the outside of our solar system.
 We start leaving behind familiar planets, familiar moons and you finally start entering 
 a vast space filled with frozen treasures and cosmic wonders. Welcome to the Kuiper Belt
 in a celestial playground like no other! And not only that… imagine colonizing it.. 
What would life look like there? And would we able to survive it? 

What is Kuiper Belt
Now what exactly is the Kuiper Belt, you ask? Imagine a giant, donut-shaped object orbiting
 the sun. Instead of houses, the vast area is filled with ice objects ranging from dust 
 to asteroid. It’s like an ice cream parlor in the Milky Way with a variety of flavors to choose from! 

Why Colonize Kuiper? 
So why colonize Kuiper Belt and risk going that far… 
Well, the Kuiper Belt extends 30 times further from the Sun than Earth. 
Although initially unattractive for migrants due to the extreme distance and low light levels,
 it offers several advantages. 

Problems
But the colonization doesn’t only bare advantages.. which if you think about them,
 are not that advantageous. Obviously, it comes with its sets of problems and challenges. 
The problems of inhabiting the Belt can be summarized in three main aspects

Possibilities
As for colonization outside the Kuiper Belt, including exoplanets and scattered disks,
 there are three options that do not rely on cheap fusion: First, classical nuclear 
 fission using uranium and thorium in the solar system.

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 "Some of our visual content is under an Attribution-ShareAlike license. in its different versions such as 1.0, 2.0, 3,0, and 4.0 – permitting commercial sharing with attribution given in each picture accordingly in the video."

Credits: Ron Miller,  Mark A. Garlick / MarkGarlick.com 
Credits: Nasa/Shutterstock/Storyblocks/Elon Musk/SpaceX/ESA/ESO/ Flickr
--

0:30 what is the kuiper belt
3:50 kuiper belt objects
5:07 problems
8:12 possibilities
9:38 conclusion
10:30 why colonizing the solar system will remain only a dream
14:00 Mercury
15:28 Venus
17:18    Moon
 19:16  Mars
 21:30  Ceres
23:23 Europa
24:48  Titan
26:35 Pluto

WHAT CAUSED THE KUIPER BELT TO GET WARPED?

A planetary mass object the size of Mars would be sufficient to produce the 
observed perturbations in the distant Kuiper Belt.
Credit: (Image: Heather Roper/LPL)

Artist’s impression of the yet-to-be-discovered “planetary mass object”,
 who’s existence has been theorized based on the orbital plane of distant Kuiper Belt objects.
 Credit: Heather Roper/LPL

The Kuiper Belt - Our Solar System

 #space #solarsystem
Hello viewers! do you know where Pluto is located? it is located in the Kuiper Belt. The Kuiper Belt, also known as the Kuiper-Edge worth Belt is a 
disk-shaped region found in the outer solar system, outside the orbit of Neptune. It extends from the orbit of Neptune at around 30 Astronomical Units (AU)
 out to around 50 AU from the Sun and contains hundreds of millions of small icy bodies that are thought to be leftover material from the formation of the outer planets. 
 This is the place where Pluto was found and was reclassified to a dwarf planet due to being a member of this belt. We know you want to know more about this belt 
 and hence we bring 10 interesting facts about the Kuiper belt.

#KiuperBelt #solarsystem #space

Subscribe to Explified for more such videos!

References and citations:

From Astronomy trek

 
From NASA: 10 things to know about the Kuiper Belt
 .

Kuiper Belt: Realm of the Dwarf Planets

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With Thanks to the Jaxa: The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

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More Evidence that the Kuiper Belt is Bigger Than We Thought

The Kuiper Belt was named in honor of Dutch-American astronomer Gerard Kuiper, who postulated a reservoir of icy bodies beyond Neptune.
 The first Kuiper Belt object was discovered in 1992. We now know of more than a thousand objects there, and it's estimated it's home 
 to more than 100,000 asteroids and comets there over 62 miles (100 km) across.
 Credit: JHUAPL

The Hyper Suprime-Cam at the Subaru Telescope in Hawai’i is part of the search for New Horizons flyby targets. 
It has a special filter to aid in the search.
 Credit: Subaru Telescope.

Schematic diagram showing the orbits of the two discovered objects (red: 2020 KJ60, purple: 2020 KK60).
 The plus symbol represents the Sun; green lines are the orbits of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
 The numbers on the vertical and horizontal axes represent the distance from the Sun in astronomical units.
 (1 AU corresponds to the distance between the Sun and the Earth). The black dots represent classical Kuiper Belt objects.
 These are thought to be a group of icy planetesimals that formed early in Solar System history.
 The gray dots represent outer Solar System objects with a semi-major axis greater than 30 au. 
 These include objects scattered by Neptune. They extend far out, and many have orbits inclined with respect to the ecliptic plane.
 The circles and dots in the figure represent their positions on June 1, 2024. 
 Credit: JAXA 

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The OOrt Cloud

Speculation

Outward Bound: Colonizing the Oort Cloud

Could the cold outer reaches of the solar system ever be called home?
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Far beyond even Pluto and the Kuiper Belt is a vast and mostly empty region of space that we theorize may 
contain trillions of comets and other icy bodies. Frozen and barren though they would be, we will consider
 how they might one day become thriving and comfortable habitats for us.

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Jarred Eagley
Justin Dixon
Katie Byrne
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Stefan Blandin

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Music:
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Koalips, "Kvazar"
Lombus, "Hydrogen Sonata"
Aerium, "Waters of Atlantis"
Chris Zabriskie, "CGI Snake"
Caption author (Korean)
D Shin

What Is The Oort Cloud?

🌎 Get Our Merch designed with ❤   

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--
Looking at where we are now. With our back to the sun, and the Planets, Asteroids and comets behind us, we face Deep Space. There’s nothing between us
 and the stars that are very far away. Or is there? The Empty space beyond Neptune is not empty. What if we tell you that the Solar system is in the centre 
 of a Giant ice-cloud! This cloud might be filled with billions and trillions of comets and other objects.  What is the Oort Cloud?
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Before talking about this cloud, let’s talk about what are comets?  Comets are cosmic snowballs of frozen gases, rocks and dust, orbiting the sun.
 They are typically the size of a town.These comets while orbiting the sun, get close to it and in the process are heated. Upon heating, they emit dust and gases
 into a giant glowing head. The dust and gases form a tail that stretches away from these for millions of miles. There are two main classes of comets :
 Short-period comets (also called elliptical comets) and long period comets. Short period comets are generally accepted to have emerged from either 
 the Kuiper belt or the Scattered Disc which are two linked flat discs of icy debris beyond Neptune’s orbit at 30 au and jointly extending out beyond 100 au
 from the Sun. Short period comets have an orbital period of less than 200 years and orbit the Sun in the same plane as the planets. Long period comets
 have tilted and wildly elliptical orbits and appear from every direction in the sky. Their orbits last for thousands of years. The orbits of comets
 within the Kuiper belt are relatively stable, and so very few comets are thought to originate there.  
But there is a problem here. Comets loose material and burn up when they fly by the sun and melt in the spectacular process which creates those gorgeous tails.
 After an interval of time comets disappear, and yet new comets keep coming. It's been nearly 4.5 Billion years to our solar systems birth and yet these comets 
 are still appearing from nowhere. So where are they coming from? And what makes them come toward us? This was a very puzzling question back in the mid- 20th century.
 It was first theorised and solved by Dutch Astronomer, Jan Oort in 1950. He was also the first person to find the evidence for dark matter. He also found the distance
 of our Solar System from the Centre of our Milky Way. To understand what he proposed, lets go a bit back in time, about 4.5 Billion years back. Lets Observe our solar system, 
 coalescing out of a flat disk of material around the sun, the inner planets were warmer, smaller and rocky while the outer planets were in a region that was freezing and grew huge.
 As this part of the solar system was chillier, water came in the form of ice mixed with dust and other stuffs. These pieces would then collide and stick together,
 and in the process they grew bigger. So, after the planets formed, the region in which they were formed still contained lots of these leftover chunks of ice and stuff called Planetesimals. 
 Planetesimals formed the same material as the planets did. But those outer Jovian planets, they had a lot of gravity and any piece of chunk that got too close to them,
 were either assimilated in them or got thrown into highly eccentric orbits. They were either thrown towards the sun or flung out into Deep Space. Trillions upon trillions 
 of such ice balls got tossed around by the planets. These small chunks with a very little gravity pulled on the heavy planets and the planets did the same. Though, 
 the gravitational pull of these small chunks of ice was not much, but after trillions of these encounters, it accounted. So, the overall effect of all these encounters was that the Saturn,
 Uranus and Neptune moved outwards and Jupiter moved Inwards.  As Neptune was moving outwards, it had a lot of encounters with these ice chunks and flung them into wild elliptical and tilted orbits.
 This shuffling and moving of the outer planets is what caused the Late Heavy Bombardment in our solar system.Today, there are three distinct populations of these objects.
 One is a region called the Kuiper belt, named after the Dutch Astronomer Gerard Kuiper. Comets in this belt have a stable orbit aligned with the planets. 

Planet 9 in the OORT CLOUD??

Nasa's OORT CLOUD PAGE

Nasa's OORT CLOUD PAGE

Wikipedia Article

From Universe today: What is the Oort Cloud?

Facts on the oort cloud from Space facts.com

The supposed Planet 9 in he OORT cloud

Artist’s impression of Planet Nine, blocking out the Milky Way. 
The Sun is in the distance, with the orbit of Neptune shown as a ring.
 Credit: ESO/Tomruen/nagualdesign

---

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The VONA Space Settlement Proposal

Published on Jun 5, 2014
VONA is a space settlement design that tied for Grand Prize in the 2014 NASA-NSS Space Settlement Design Contest.
 VONA was created by was created by a team of 6 students (grade 10):
 Aditya P. S., Amareen S., Hatinderpal Singh G., Hetarth C., Karan C., and Prajjwal M.;
 under the instruction of Mr. Emmanuel R. (Apeejay School), from Jalandhar, Punjab, India.
Category
Science & Technology
License
Standard YouTube License

The O'neil Space Settlement Proposal

Forget the flying cars and robot maids, we’re just a few precious generations away from ditching this hunk 

of space rock called Earth and living among the stars. The dream of off-world living is thanks, in large part,

 to a single Princeton physics professor who not only envisioned a new path for humanity but nearly convinced Congress to

 go along with it. Piers Biznoy explains just how close we came to building orbital habitats in the 1980s in his new book New Space Frontiers.

O'Neil cylinder proposals

A look at O'Neill Cylinders, immense space habitats.
 Visit our sponsor, Brilliant:
 
Far larger than any conventional Space Station, O'Neill Cylinders could potentially
 serve as as entire city-states or nature preserves. Today we will review how these 
 megastructures might be built and how they may represent a superior option to terraforming planets.
 
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 Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud:
 Cover Art by Jakub Grygier:
 
 Writers:
Isaac Arthur

Script Editors:
Darius Said
Keith Blockus
Konstantin Sokerin
Mark Warburton
Matthew Acker
Michael Gusevsky
MolbOrg
Sigmund Kopperud
Sam McNamara

Producer
Isaac Arthur

Cover Artist
Jakub Grygier

Graphics Team
Jarred Eagley
Jeremy Jozwik
Justin Dixon
Katie Byrne
 Kris Holland (Mafic Studios)
Sam McNamara (Rapid Thrash)
 Sergio Botero

Narrator:
Isaac Arthur

Music Manager:
Luca De Rosa - lucaderosa2@live.com 
Music:
 Markus Junnikkala, "We Roam the Stars"
 Kai Engel, "Endless Story About Sun and Moon"
 Brandon Liew, "Mystic Forest Orchestral  Fantasy"
 Ayreon, "String Theory"
Chris Zabriskie,  "Stories About the World That Once Was"
Markus Junnikkala, "A Memory Of Earth"
Phase Shift, "Enigmatic."
 NJ Mandaville, "The Resting Vale"
 Dracovallis, "The Grave of My Beloved"
Sergey Cheremisinov, "White Atlantis" 
Caption author (Portuguese)
Misaki Chan
Caption author (French)
Sylvain Auclai

The Space Habitat proposal

Habitat Fly-thru

Uploaded on Aug 15, 2009
Description:
A one-minute/one-revolution fly-through of the Habitat. 

SPACE HABITAT

SPACE HABITAT - 2

ESA PLANNING TO BUILD AN INTERNATIONAL VILLAGE… ON THE MOON! 2 Mar , 2016 by Matt Williams

The ESA recently elaborated its plan to create a Moon base by the 2030s. 

Credit: Foster + Partners is part of a consortium set up by the European Space Agency to explore

 the possibilities of 3D printing to construct lunar habitations.

 Credit: ESA/Foster + Partners

NASA picks 6 companies to develop prototype space habitats August 12, 2016 William Harwood

Artist’s concept of a Lockheed Martin-built habitation system with the Orion capsule.

Credit: Lockheed Martin
NASA has selected six companies to work on designs for deep space habitat modules that could be used by

astronauts living and working near the moon as technology is developed for eventual flights to Mars, the agency announced Tuesday.(august 9, 2016)

NASA already is developing the Space Launch System heavy-lift booster and the Orion capsule that will carry crews to low-Earth orbit and beyond.

But Orion is far too small to support crews for long stays in so-called cislunar space or multi-year round-trip flights to and from Mars.

Exterior view of a Stanford torus. Bottom center is the non-rotating primary solar mirror,

 which reflects sunlight onto the angled ring of secondary mirrors around the hub.

 Painting by Donald E. Davis
 By Donald Davis - NASA Ames Research Centerhttps://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/70sArtHiRes/70sArt/art.htmlDescription and public domain image at artist's web sitehttps://www.donaldedavis.com/PARTS/allyours.html, Public Domain, Link

KALPANA ONE TOUR

THE FUTURE OF SPACE COLONIZATION – TERRAFORMING OR SPACE HABITATS?

Artist's concept of a terraformed Mars (left) and an O'Neill Cylinder.
 Credit: Ittiz/Wikimedia Commons (left)/Rick Guidice/NASA Ames Research Center (right)

Artist’s impression of the terraforming of Mars, from its current state to a livable world. 
Credit: Daein Ballard

Artist’s concept of a possible Mars terraforming plant. Credit: National Geographic Channel

Artist’s concept of a possible Space Colony in Solar orbit

Evolution of Space Colony proposals

I WONDER IF IT HAS ROOM SERVICE? HERE’S THE SPACE HOTEL THAT WON
A RECENT (July, 2017)NASA COMPETITION

The Managed, Reconfigurable, In-space Nodal Assembly (MARINA), developed by MIT graduate students,
 is designed as a habitable commercially owned module for use in low Earth orbit.
 Credit: MIT/MARINA team

In the future, LEO (Low Earth Orbit) will become home to commercial modules 
(like the Bigelow Aerospace B330 expandable module, shown here),will become a reality. 
 Credit: Bigelow Aerospace

Members of the MIT team (from left to right): Caitlin Mueller (faculty advisor),
 Matthew Moraguez, George Lordos, and Valentina Sumini.
 Credit: MIT/MARINA team

The Asgardia Website

Asgardia: Prposed Space Naion in space

'Space Nation' Endures Tough Start:

A Russian industrialist's proposed 'space nation' 
is dealing with early growing pains that may keep the concept from getting off the ground.
 When Igor Ashurbeyli announced the formation of 'Asgardia' last year, the idea was met with skepticism
 from legal experts and scholars, but also generated tremendous enthusiasm from the general public.
 A whopping 300,000 people from around the world signed up to take part in the effort, 
 however their idyllic feelings appear to be faltering as the 'space nation' begins to take shape. 

THE AURORA STATION WILL BE THE FIRST LUXURY HOTEL IN SPACE

Information on THE AURORA STATION WILL BE THE FIRST LUXURY HOTEL IN SPACE

The Aurora Station space hotel will launch in 2021 and host its first guests in 2022. 
It has room for 4 guests and 2 crew.
  Image: credit Orionspan

Aurora Station will have 5600 square feet of living space which can be configured as 2 or 4 suites. 
  Image: credit Orionspan

Aurora Station will also host micro-gravity research and in-situ manufacturing. 
  Image: credit Orionspan

#CosmicExploration #SpaceColonization #FutureOfHumanity
In this captivating video, we delve into the groundbreaking concept of expanding our presence beyond Earth's boundaries
 and venturing into the cosmos. Join us as we explore the prospects and challenges of establishing sustainable human colonies 
 on distant planets, moons, and even beyond our solar system.

🌌 Discover New Worlds: We take you on a virtual tour of some of the most promising candidates for future human habitation,
 from Mars with its hauntingly beautiful red landscapes, to the icy and enigmatic moons of Jupiter and Saturn. Witness 
 breathtaking simulations of what it might be like to walk on these extraterrestrial surfaces.

🛠️ Building the Impossible: Space colonization demands overcoming unprecedented challenges. From engineering cutting-edge 
habitats and technologies to adapting to alien environments, we'll uncover the ingenious solutions envisioned by scientists,
 engineers, and visionaries. Get a glimpse of the incredible spacecraft and infrastructure that would be necessary to establish
 and sustain colonies light-years away from Earth.

💡 Advancing Humanity: Space colonization is not just about survival; it holds the promise of elevating humanity to new heights
 of knowledge, collaboration, and exploration. Discover how living beyond our planet could drive breakthroughs in science,
 medicine, and technology, and lead to the development of a multi-planetary civilization.

🌍 Earth's Preservation: As we confront the pressing issues of climate change and limited resources on Earth, space colonization
 presents a potential escape valve for humanity's survival. Explore the ethical and philosophical dimensions of our responsibility
 towards preserving both our home planet and our cosmic legacy.

🚀 Embracing the Unknown: This video is a celebration of human curiosity and resilience. We'll meet inspiring visionaries 
and explorers who are passionately dedicated to making the dream of space colonization a reality. Their courage to venture 
into the unknown reflects the indomitable spirit of humanity's greatest explorations.

🌠 Join the Journey: Are you ready to be a part of the next great chapter in human history? Hit that subscribe button,
 turn on notifications, and join our community as we push the boundaries of human potential and set our sights on the stars!

🔭 Let's embark on this incredible odyssey together. Remember, the future of space colonization begins with us, right here,
 right now! Don't miss out on this thrilling voyage into the cosmos. See you in the next episode!

#SpaceColonization #FutureOfHumanity #BeyondEarth #CosmicExploration

PRE>

LOCKHEED MARTIN

Lockheed Martin artist rendering of the NextSTEP habitat docked with Orion in cislunar orbit 
as part of a concept for the Deep Space Gateway. Orion will serve as the habitat?s command deck
 in early missions, providing critical communications, life support and navigation to guide long-duration missions.
 CREDIT(PRNewsfoto/Lockheed Martin)

Artist’s impression of the Deep Space Gateway, currently under development by Lockheed Martin.
 Credit: NASA

Artist’s concept of space habitat operating beyond Earth and the Moon
 Credit: NASA

 Credit: NASA

 NASA is working on developing a space station in a cis-lunar orbit that will serve as the jumping off point
 to exploring the Solar System; it’s known as the Deep Space Gateway.
Support us at: 
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Like us on Facebook: 
 Google+ -
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 @fcain / Team: Fraser Cain -

Karla Thompson - @karlaii / 
 Chad Weber -
Chloe Cain - Instagram: @chloegwen2001

I don’t have to tell you that the vision of human space exploration in the Solar System has kind of stalled. 
Half a century ago, humans set foot on the Moon, and we haven’t been back since. Instead, we’ve thoroughly explored
 every cubic meter of low Earth orbit, going around and around the Earth. In fact, back in 2016, the International Space Station
 celebrated 100,000 orbits around the Earth. 

NASA REIGNITES PROGRAM FOR NUCLEAR THERMAL ROCKETS

Artist's concept of a bimodal nuclear rocket making the journey to the Moon, Mars,
 and other destinations in the Solar System.
 Credit: NASA

Nuclear reactors (like the one pictured here) are being considered by
 NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center for possible future missions.
 Credit: NASA

Artist’s concept of a Bimodal Nuclear Thermal Rocket in Low Earth Orbit.
 Credit: NASA

Artist’s concept of a bimodal nuclear rocket slowing down to establish orbit around Mars.
 Credit: NASA

Artist’s concept of a Bimodal Nuclear Thermal Rocket in Low Earth Orbit.
 Credit: NASA

The Solar System is a really big place, and it takes forever to travel from world to world 
with traditional chemical rockets. But one technique, developed back in the 1960s might 
provide a way to dramatically shorten our travel times: nuclear rockets.

Of course, launching a rocket powered by radioactive material has its own risks as well. Should we attempt it?

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References:
Nuclear Thermal Propulsion: Game Changing Technology for Deep Space Explorationt
An Historical Perspective of the
NERVA Nuclear Rocket Engine
Technology Program (PDF)
Fusion-Enabled Pluto Orbiter and Lander
 Fusion-Enabled Pluto Orbiter and Lander (PDF)

Artist’s illustration of the launch of the Space Launch System, which will eventually
 be the most powerful rocket ever built.
 Credit: NASA

The first ground experimental nuclear rocket engine (XE) assembly, in a “cold flow” configuration,
 is shown being installed in Engine Test Stand No. 1 at the Nuclear Rocket Development Station in Jackass Flats, Nevada.

NASA design for a Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application (NERVA).
 Credit: NASA

Image illustration of Princeton Satellite Systems concept fusion rocket.
 Credit: Princeton Satellite Systems

Click here for my mission to the asteroids article on OUMUAMUA

Artist’s impression of the first interstellar asteroid/comet, "Oumuamua".
 This unique object was discovered on 19 October 2017 by the Pan-STARRS 1 telescope in Hawaii.
 Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesse

Astronomers have found that ‘Oumuamua, the first interstellar object discovered in the Solar System, 
is moving away from the Sun faster than expected. Using data from ESO’s Very Large Telescope,
 and from NASA/ESA’s Hubble Space Telescope, a team of researchers concluded that
 ‘Oumuamua is most likely outgassing — suggesting that this enigmatic interstellar nomad is a peculiar comet 
 rather than an asteroid.
More information and download options:

 Subscribe to ESOcast in iTunes!

 Receive future episodes on YouTube by pressing the Subscribe button above or follow us on Vimeo:

 Watch more ESOcast episodes:

Find out how to view and contribute subtitles for the ESOcast in multiple languages, 
or translate this video on YouTube:

Credit:
ESO

Directed by: Mathias Jäger.   
Visual Design and Editing: Martin Kornmesser and Luis Calçada.  
Editing: Martin Kornmesser.   
Web and technical support: Mathias André and Raquel Yumi Shida.  
Written by: Calum Turner and Mathias Jäger.   
Music: Stellardrone.   
Narration: Sara Mendes da Costa.   
Footage and photos: ESO, ESA/Hubble NASA, ESA, Luis Calçada , M. Kornmesser and G. Hüdepohl (atacamaphoto.com).   
Executive producer: Lars Lindberg Christensen.
Caption author (Italian)
Nicola Gaspari
Caption author (French)
Ayoola Boyejo
Caption author (Romanian)
Mihail-Gabriel Barbuta
Category
Science & Technology
License
Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)

Oumuamua as it appeared using the William Herschel Telescope on the night of October 29.
 Queen’s University Belfast/William Herschel Telescope

Artist’s impression of the interstellar object, ‘Oumuamua, experiencing outgassing as it leaves our Solar System. 
Credit: ESA/Hubble, NASA, ESO, M. Kornmesser

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